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Robert I. Toll
Robert Irwin Toll (December 30, 1940)〔(the Real Deal: "Bob Toll" by Lauren Elkies ) retrieved November 7, 2013〕 co-founded the American luxury homebuilder company Toll Brothers.
==Biography==
Born to a Jewish family, the son of Sylvia (née Steinberg)〔(New York Times: "Paid Notice: Deaths TOLL, SYLVIA (NEE STEINBERG)" ) October 14, 2001〕 and Albert Toll, he grew up in Elkins Park, Pennsylvania.〔 His father, who emigrated from Ukraine,〔(Philadelphia Inquirer: "As a New Era Comes Together Bruce E. Toll: "Anybody can call me," the new chairman invites" By Bob Fernandez ) June 25, 2006〕 was a millionaire investor who lost everything in the Stock market crash of 1929.〔(USA Today: "CEO Profile: Defensive mind-set keeps Toll Bros. going" by Noelle Knox ) January 28, 2008〕 His first job was at Camp Powhatan in Otisfield, Maine where he was a counselor; it is now known as Seeds of Peace and is dedicated to bringing together Arab, Israeli, Indian, and Pakistani teenagers to promote peaceful conflict resolution.〔 In 1963, he graduated with a B.A. from Cornell University; and in 1966, he earned a LLB degree, cum laude, from the University of Pennsylvania Law School.〔(Toll Brothers website: Executive Biographies ) retrieved November 7, 2013〕 In 1967, Toll and his brother Bruce E. Toll founded Toll Brothers with a focus on building luxury homes ($500,000+)〔 starting with a plot of land in Chester County, Pennsylvania given to them by their father.〔(Upstart Business Journal: "Master Overbuilder" by Andrew Rice ) September 18, 2008〕 They grew the business using a conservative financial model always including a 10 percent cushion into all their projects and never assuming price appreciation during construction.〔 Bruce was responsible for the book-keeping and Robert the legal side of the business.〔 In the late 1980s, they expanded out of the Northeast to Washington, D.C. and in the mid-1990s, to California.〔 The Tolls are credited with mass-producing luxury housing by taking a few standard home styles and increasing the scale several fold.〔 Toll Brothers later expanded into building “active-adult” communities for the elderly affluent and urban high-rises for the newly affluent (Toll Brothers City Living).〔
In 2010, Toll stepped down as CEO of Toll Brothers although he still remains active in its management.〔(New York Times: "Chief to Step Down at Toll Brothers" ) May 17, 2010〕 In November 2013, Toll Brothers purchased Shapell Homes (founded by Nathan Shapell) for $1.6 billion.〔(Fox Business: "Toll Brothers to Buy Shapell Homes for $1.6B, 4Q Revenue Soars" By Matthew Rocco ) November 07, 2013〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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